Terapia Centrada na Pessoa e Processo de Reorganização da Autoimagem e Autoestima: Pesquisa-Ação / Person-Centered Therapy and the Reorganizing Self-Image and Self-Esteem Process: Action Research / Terapia No Dirigida y el Proceso de Reorganización de la Autoimagen y la Autoestima: Investigación-Acción

Este artigo objetivou compreender o processo terapêutico proporcionado por uma prática interventiva de curta-duração centrada em pessoas com problemas de autoimagem corporal e autoestima. Seguindo um delineamento metodológico qualitativo, a pesquisa e as intervenções terapêuticas aconteceram sob a influência do desenho de pesquisa-ação. Trabalhou-se com as seguintes etapas: planejamento do processo terapêutico à luz das condições necessárias e suficientes para mudança de personalidade e as fases do processo terapêutico; desenvolvimento da prática de ajuda; monitoramento da ação a partir da supervisão, revisão dos atendimentos e entrevistas semiestruturadas com os participantes; análise fenomenológica empírica dos impactos afetivos da terapia a partir da perspectiva dos clientes atendidos; entendimento disso a partir do referencial rogeriano. Foram elaborados e discutidos os seguintes eixos temáticos relacionados ao processo terapêutico: fatores que levaram à busca por ajuda psicológica e constituíram a atmosfera terapêutica; significação negativa da experiência corporal; significação real da experiência de autoestima em relação ao corpo; mudanças de atitudes em relação à percepção de si e ao autocuidado. Concluiu-se que a terapia centrada na pessoa produziu impactos afetivos significativos que ajudaram esses clientes a lidar com suas experiências de imagem corporal e autoestima.

This article aimed to understand the therapeutic process provided by a short-term interventional practice centered on people with body self-esteem and self-image problems. Following a qualitative methodological design, the research and therapeutic interventions took place under the influence of the action research design. The following stages were used: planning the therapeutic process in light of the necessary and sufficient conditions for personality change and the therapeutic process phases; development of aid practice; action monitoring based on supervision, service review and semi-structured interviews with the participants; empirical phenomenological analysis of the affective impacts of therapy from the perspective of the clients assisted; understanding of this from the Rogerian framework. The following thematic axes related to the therapeutic process were elaborated and discussed: factors that led to the search for psychological help and constituted the therapeutic atmosphere; negative meaning of bodily experience; real meaning of the self-esteem experience in relation to the body; changes in attitudes towards self-perception and self-care. It was concluded that person-centered therapy produces significant affective impacts that helped these clients to deal with their body image and self-esteem experiences.

Este articulo tuvo como objetivo comprender el proceso terapéutico proporcionado por una práctica intervencionista de corta duración centrada en personas con problemas de autoimagen corporal y autoestima. Siguiendo un diseño metodológico cualitativo, la investigación y las intervenciones terapéuticas se desarrollaron bajo la investigación-acción. Se trabajó con los siguientes pasos: planificación del proceso terapéutico a la luz de las condiciones necesarias y suficientes para el cambio de personalidad y las fases del proceso terapéutico; desarrollo de prácticas de ayuda; seguimiento de la acción basado en la supervisión, revisión del servicio y entrevistas semiestructuradas con los participantes; análisis fenomenológico empírico de los impactos afectivos de la terapia desde la perspectiva de los clientes atendidos; comprensión de esto desde el referencial rogeriano. Fueron elaborados los siguientes ejes: factores que llevaron a búsqueda de ayuda psicológica y constituyen una atmósfera terapéutica; significado negativo de la experiencia corporal; significación real de la experiencia de la autoestima en relación con el cuerpo; cambios en las actitudes en relación con la autopercepción y autocuidado. Se concluyó que la terapia centrada en la persona produjo impactos afectivos significativos que ayudaron a estos clientes a lidiar con sus experiencias de imagen corporal y autoestima.

Does emotional processing predict 18-month post-therapy outcomes in the experiential treatment of major depression?

Objective: This study tested whether emotion-focused therapy's (EFT) emotion processing theory serves as a predictor of 18-month post-therapy outcomes for major depressive disorder (MDD), independent of experiential therapy received. Method: We examined sequences of emotion episodes using the THEME™ sequential analysis of emotional processing in 55 clients who provided 18-month post-therapy Beck Depression Inventory reports after receiving experiential treatment in the York I and II trials, either emotion-focused or client-centered therapy. Archival Classification of Affective Meaning States (CAMS) ratings of emotion episodes of clients' working-phase sessions were analyzed using THEME™ sequential analyses of emotions coded during emotion episodes. Results: According to THEME™, poor outcome clients (Beck Depression Inventory at 18 months ≥ 10) expressed more emotion episode sequences containing secondary, or self-protective emotions, than good outcome clients. Good outcome clients expressed more emotion sequences with needs, hurt/grief, and assertive anger than poor outcome clients. Conclusions: EFT sequential emotional processing theory appears to offer good basic assumptions for experiential long-term therapy outcomes after receiving therapy for MDD. Generalization of the theory for other treatments is desired.

La psicoterapia centrada en la persona en la actualidad: Teoría, práctica e investigación / Person-centred psychotherapy today: Theory, practice and research

Enmarcada en la orientación humanista-existencial, y con más de ochenta años de historia, la psicoterapia centrada en la persona continúa siendo uno de los principales sistemas de inter-vención psicológica. Las ideas de su principal creador, Carl R. Rogers,han sido claves en el desarrollo de la investigación y el ejercicio de la psicoterapia tal y como la conocemos en la actualidad, tanto dentro como fuera de las fronteras de la orientación. Tras una introducción a la teoría psicopatológica y psicoterapéutica que subyace al sistema, este artículo se centra tan-to en los nuevos desarrollos dentro de la teoría rogeriana como en la investigación llevada a cabo hasta el momento sobre ella. Revisando algunos de los debates centrales en el ámbito, desde la perspectiva del siglo XXI, el artículo concluye con una reflexión sobre la situación ac-tual del sistema. (AU)

Person-centred therapy, a therapeutic modality situated within the humanistic-existential ap-proach, continues to be a key form of psychological intervention eight decades after its foun-dation. The ideas of its main founder, Carl Rogers, have been central in the development of psychotherapy research and practice as we know it today, within the boundaries of the hu-manistic-existential approach and beyond. First, the article introduces the psychopathological and psychotherapeutic theory that underlie the person-centred approach. It then focuses on recent developments within Rogerian theory, as well as on research on person-centred therapy conducted to date. After reviewing some ongoing debates in the field, from a 21stcentury per-spective, the article concludes by reflecting on the current situation of the approach. (AU)

A experiência intersubjetiva na ludoterapia humanista sob uma perspectiva fenomenológica / The intersubjective experience in humanistic play therapy from the standpoint of phenomenology / La experiencia intersubjetiva en la ludoterapia humanista desde una perspectiva fenomenológica

Esta pesquisa qualitativa objetivou compreender, fenomenologicamente, a experiência vivida por psicoterapeutas e crianças no acontecer clínico da ludoterapia humanista. Foram realizados 26 encontros dialógicos individuais com nove psicoterapeutas e sete crianças, registrados pela pesquisadora na forma de Narrativas Compreensivas que incluíram suas impressões impactadas subjetivamente pelas falas e expressões corporais dos participantes. A análise fenomenológica culminou com a escrita de uma Narrativa Síntese. Os resultados indicam que a relação psicoterapêutica é percebida como: facilitadora do crescimento psicológico da criança; intensificadora do fluxo de mudanças ao dinamizar os processos pessoais infantis; geradora de motivação na criança para a relação interpessoal, a partir do envolvimento subjetivo do terapeuta; potencializadora da tomada de consciência com base na corporeidade; propiciadora da integração de experiências por meio do brincar; reveladora das singularidades individuais, catalisando o desenvolvimento; e, por fim, benéfica à atualização de significados e sentidos da experiência pessoal e relacional. Evidenciou-se, entre os psicoterapeutas, uma concepção da ludoterapia humanista que prioriza a compreensão dirigida ao estilo próprio de cada cliente em relação aos modos de sentir e expressar-se no mundo e à estruturação do processo psicoterapêutico a partir do relacionamento com a criança. Concluiu-se, assim, que a experiência desse tipo de relação interpessoal facilita a constituição na criança de singularidades que imprimem um sentido existencial próprio ao seu mundo de relações e historicidade. A relevância do processo psicoterapêutico para o crescimento psicológico da criança apresentou-se também pelo seu caráter psicoprofilático, reverberado no encadeamento de processos associados à experiência pessoal dela.(AU)

This qualitative research aimed to understand, phenomenologically, the lived experience of psychotherapists and children in the clinical event of humanistic play therapy. A total of 26 individual dialogical encounters were held with nine psychotherapists and seven children, registered in the form of Comprehensive Narratives by the researcher, which included her subjectively impacted impressions about the participants' speeches and body expressions. The phenomenological analysis culminated in a Synthesis Narrative. The results demonstrate that the psychotherapeutic relationship is perceived as: facilitating the child's psychological growth; intensifying the flow of change by streamlining children's personal processes; generating motivation for the child to get involved with interpersonal relationship, based on the subjective involvement of the therapist; potentiating awareness raising based on the corporeality; enabling the integration of experiences by playing; revealing the uniqueness, catalyzing development; and, finally, benefiting the updating of meanings and senses of personal and relational experience. A conception of humanistic play therapy became evident among the psychotherapists, which prioritizes the understanding directed to the own way of each client regarding how to feel and express themselves in the world and the structuring of the psychotherapeutic process based on the relationship with the child. Thus, it was concluded that the experience of this interpersonal relationship facilitates the constitution in the child of singularities that bring their own existential meaning to their world of relationships and historicity. The relevance of the psychotherapeutic process for the child's psychological growth was also shown by the psycho-prophylactic character reverberated in the processes associated with the child's personal experience.(AU)

Esta investigación cualitativa tuvo por objetivo comprender, fenomenológicamente, la experiencia vivida por psicoterapeutas y niños en ludoterapia de orientación humanista. La investigadora desarrolló 26 conversaciones dialógicas individuales con nueve psicoterapeutas y siete niños, registradas como narrativas comprensivas que incluyeron sus impresiones impactadas subjetivamente por los discursos y expresiones corporales de los participantes. El análisis fenomenológico culminó con una síntesis narrativa. Los resultados demuestran que la relación psicoterapéutica se percibe como facilitadora del crecimiento psicológico del niño; intensificadora del flujo de cambio, optimizando su procesos personales; generadora de motivación para que el niño se involucre en la relación interpersonal a partir del envolvimiento subjetivo del terapeuta; potenciadora de la toma de conciencia a partir de la corporeidad; propiciadora de la integración de las experiencias por medio del juego; reveladora de singularidades individuales al catalizar el desarrollo; y beneficiosa para actualizar los significados y sentidos de la experiencia personal e relacional. Entre los psicoterapeutas se hizo evidente una concepción de ludoterapia humanista que prima por comprender la forma propia del cliente de sentirse y expresarse y la estructuración del proceso psicoterapéutico a partir de la relación con el niño. Se concluyó que la vivencia de este tipo de relación facilita la constitución en el niño de singularidades que le aportan un sentido existencial a su mundo de relación e historicidad. La relevancia del proceso psicoterapéutico para el crecimiento psicológico también se mostró por su carácter psicoprofiláctico, que reverberó en la cadena de procesos asociados con la experiencia personal del niño.(AU)

El cambio de identidad de género en la adolescencia. ¿Qué nos enseña la forma-serie? / Gender Identity Change in Adolescence What Does the Form-Series Teach Us?

A las series televisivas les corresponde la posición del analista ya que interpretan el mundo, afirma Gérard Wajcman (2010; 2019). Siguiendo esta premisa hemos seleccionado episodios de dos series actuales, The Good Doctor y New Amsterdam, para abordar nuestro objeto de estudio: el cambio de identidad de género en la adolescencia. En ambos escenarios ficcionales se aborda el mismo dilema: adolescentes transgénero que solicitan una intervención quirúrgica de reasignación de sexo. Tres serán las aristas a ser exploradas sobre esta cuestión: la (no) identidad sexual ­ el yo y sujeto del inconsciente ­ el Otro como comunidad de goce. Para ello, se tendrán en consideración aportes del Psicoanálisis en interlocución con la Teoría de la performatividad queer y la normativa vigente en Argentina. La lectura clínica de la "forma-serie" resulta, entonces, un recurso metodológico novedoso y preciso para el tratamiento de los síntomas actuales desde la perspectiva de la subjetividad

According to Gérard Wajcman (2010; 2019), there is a correspondence between television series and the position of the analyst, since the series interpret the world. The Good Doctor and New Amsterdam, to address our object of study: gender identity change in adolescence. In both fictional scenarios, the same dilemma is addressed: transgender adolescents who request a sex reassignment surgery. There will be three edges to be explored on this issue: the (non) sexual identity - the self and subject of the unconscious - the Other as a community of enjoyment. For this, contributions from Psychoanalysis will be taken into consideration in dialogue with the Theory of queer performativity and the regulations in force in Argentina. The clinical reading of the "form-series" is, then, a novel and precise methodological resource for the treatment of current symptoms from the perspective of subjectivity

Homebound Elderly People Psychotherapeutic Intervention (HEPPI): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial / Intervenção psicoterapêutica com adultos idosos confinados no domicílio: protocolo para um ensaio clínico randomizado controlado

Objective: To present the study protocol for the Homebound Elderly People Psychotherapeutic Intervention (HEPPI), a home-delivered cognitive-emotional intervention aimed at homebound older adults with mild cognitive impairment and depression and/or anxiety symptoms. Methods: A two-arm, open-label, parallel-group randomized controlled trial will be conducted to compare the effects of HEPPI with treatment as usual. Homebound older adults will be recruited from the community through contact with their health care networks in mainland Portugal. All participants will complete baseline, post-intervention, and 3-month follow-up assessments. Primary outcomes will be changes in episodic memory and depression and anxiety symptoms. Secondary outcomes will include changes in general cognition, attentional control, subjective memory complaints, quality of life, functional status, and loneliness. Relevance: The availability of evidence-based home-delivered non-pharmacological interventions meeting the cognitive and emotional needs of the homebound older population could improve their access to mental health care resources and increase their mental health and quality of life.

Objetivo: Apresentar o protocolo do estudo da Homebound Elderly People Psychotherapeutic Intervention (HEPPI), uma intervenção cognitivo-emocional, realizada no domicílio, dirigida a adultos idosos confinados no domicílio com declínio cognitivo leve e sintomatologia depressiva e/ou ansiógena. Métodos: Será realizado um ensaio clínico randomizado, controlado e aberto, com o objetivo de comparar os efeitos da intervenção HEPPI com um grupo de tratamento usual. Os idosos confinados no domicílio serão recrutados na comunidade, em Portugal continental, por meio de contato com sua rede de prestação de cuidados de saúde. Todos os participantes serão avaliados em três momentos: pré-intervenção, pós-intervenção e três meses depois da intervenção. As alterações na memória episódica e na sintomatologia depressiva e ansiógena serão os desfechos primários, já os secundários serão constituídos pelas alterações no funcionamento cognitivo geral, controle atencional, queixas subjetivas de memória, qualidade de vida, capacidade funcional e solidão. Relevância: A disponibilidade de intervenções não farmacológicas em domicílio com evidência empírica, que atendam às necessidades cognitivas e emocionais dos adultos idosos confinados no domicílio, poderá facilitar o seu acesso a recursos de saúde mental, bem como melhorar sua saúde mental e qualidade de vida.

Efficacy of Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy in adult patients with advanced cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis / Eficacia de la Psicoterapia Centrada en el Sentido en pacientes adultos con cáncer avanzado: revisión sistemática y meta-análisis

Objective: We conducted a PRISMA-compliant systematic review of clinical trials, and a meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials (RCTs) of manualised Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy (MCP) interventions for adult advanced cancer patients. We searched seven databases for trials published in English and Spanish, until March 27, 2021. Results: Seven trials were included in the systematic review, and four in the meta-analysis. The systematic review favoured the effectiveness of MCP for the improvement of spiritual well-being, quality of life (QoL), sense of meaning and psychological distress, although inconsistencies between the trials were found. In pre-post meta-analytic estimates, MCP had a superior therapeutic effect than control conditions for spiritual well-being (d=0.52, p<0.001), QoL (d=0.60, p<0.001), anxiety symptoms (d=-0.47, p<0.001), depressive symptoms (d=-0.50, p<0.001) and desire for hastened death (d=-0.28, p<0.001). No differences were observed in between-group comparisons. MCP was not associated with an increased risk of abandonment at post-treatment (OR=0.86, p=0.57). Conclusion: Manualised MCP interventions are a promising treatment for the improvement of spiritual well-being and quality of life and the reduction of psychological distress in adult patients with advanced cancer. The evidence base is still in an emerging state and should be expanded by higher methodological quality studies (AU)

Objetivo: se realizó una revisión sistemática de ensayos clínicos siguiendo los criterios PRISMA, y un meta-análisis de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (ECA), sobre la efectividad de las intervenciones manualizadas de Psicoterapia Centrada en el Sentido (PCS) para pacientes adultos con cáncer avanzado. Se realizaron búsquedas en siete bases de datos de ensayos publicados en inglés y español, hasta el 27 de marzo de 2021. Resultados: siete artículos fueron incluidos en la revisión sistemática y cuatro en el meta-análisis. La revisión sistemática favorece la efectividad de la PCS para mejorar el bienestar espiritual, la calidad de vida, y la experiencia de sentido, así como disminuir el malestar emocional, aunque se encontraron inconsistencias entre los estudios. En los análisis meta-analíticos pre-post, la PCS tuvo un efecto terapéutico superior a la condición control para bienestar espiritual (d=0,52, p<0,001), calidad de vida (d=0,60, p<0,001), sintomatología ansiosa (d=-0,47, p<0,001) y depresiva (d=-0,50, p<0,001), y deseos de muerte acelerada (d=-0,28, p<0,001). No se encontraron diferencias en las comparaciones intergrupo. La PCS no se asoció a un mayor riesgo de abandono en el post-tratamiento (OR=0,86, p=0,57). Conclusión: los programas manualizados de PCS constituyen un tratamiento prometedor para aumentar el bienestar espiritual y calidad de vida, y reducir el malestar emocional, en pacientes con cáncer avanzado. La evidencia se encuentra aún en un estado emergente, y deberá ser complementada con nuevos estudios de mayor calidad metodológica.Palabras clave: Psicoterapia Centrada en el Sentido, cáncer avanzado, bienestar espiritual, malestar emocional (AU)

Uma formação pedagógico-reflexiva em psicologia: análise de diários de aprendizagem / A pedagogical-reflexive experience at a Psychology course: analysis of learning logs / Una formación pedagógica-reflexiva en Psicología: análisis de diarios de aprendizaje

O presente artigo buscou, através da análise de diários de aprendizagem, discutir a respeito das possibilidades que uma formação universitária em psicologia que seja acolhedora e promotora de reflexões pode ter na formação de estudantes de psicologia. Foram analisados treze diários redigidos por estudantes do sexto semestre de um curso de graduação em Psicologia matriculados em uma disciplina relacionada à Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa de um Centro Universitário do Centro-Oeste brasileiro. Os diários foram escritos tendo como base a concepção de Versão de Sentido, com uma escrita livre após as aulas. Foi utilizada a Análise Temática e, a partir dela emergiram seis temas que demonstraram a importância da construção de um espaço acadêmico dialógico que promova as condições facilitadoras para o desenvolvimento pessoal e profissional.

The present article aimed, through the analysis of learning diaries, to discuss about the possibilities that a psychology university degree which promotes reflection and shelters students' thoughts and emotions can have in the training of psychology students. Were analyzed thirteen learning logs written by students of the sixth semester of an undergraduate degree course in Psychology enrolled in a discipline related to the Person Centered Approach.The logs were written based on the Sense's Version, after each class, with indication of free writing. Thematic Analysis was used, and from it six themes emerged that demonstrated the importance of building an academic context that promotes the facilitating conditions for personal and professional development.

El presente artículo buscó, a través del análisis de diarios de aprendizaje, discutir acerca de las posibilidades que una formación universitaria en psicología que sea acogedora y promotora de reflexiones puede tener en la formación de estudiantes de psicología. Se analizaron trece diarios redactados por estudiantes del sexto semestre de un curso de graduación en Psicología matriculados en una disciplina relacionada al Enfoque Centrado en la Persona. Los diarios fueron escritos teniendo como base la concepción de Versión de Sentido, con una escritura libre después de las clases. Se utilizó el Análisis Temático y, a partir de ella surgieron seis temas que demostraron la importancia de la construcción de un espacio académico dialógico que promueve las condiciones facilitadoras para el desarrollo personal y profesional.

Um percurso gadameriano na produção de conhecimento em Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa / A gadamerian route in the production of knowledge in a Person-Centered Approach / Una ruta gadameriana en la producción de conocimientos en un Enfoque Centrado en la Persona

O presente artigo objetiva apresentar o percurso teórico-metodológico, construído pelo primeiro autor em sua Dissertação de Mestrado sob a orientação do segundo, baseado na filosofia hermenêutica de Hans-Georg Gadamer. Justifica-se sua relevância por ser uma alternativa estruturada para a realização de pesquisas bibliográficas dentro do escopo da Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa (ACP). Para isso, procura-se inicialmente justificar a escolha da hermenêutica gadameriana em sua relação com o objetivo da pesquisa. Em seguida, apresenta-se a rede conceitual formada pela articulação das concepções preconceito, linguagem, tradição, atualização e fusão de horizontes que sustentam essa perspectiva, de forma que permita, posteriormente, sistematizar as fases investigação das informações, análise compreensiva e síntese hermenêutica para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa sobre o problema proposto. Finaliza-se o artigo com a constatação da potencialidade e proficuidade referente à aproximação, e consequente articulação, entre a ACP e a perspectiva filosófica gadameriana, com reflexões sobre as implicações quanto ao uso de um método hermenêuticofilosófico na produção de conhecimento na abordagem.

This article aims to present the theoretical-methodological route, built by the first author in his Master's Dissertation under the guidance of the second, based on Hans-Georg Gadamer hermeneutic-philosophical philosophy. Its relevance is justified because it is a structured alternative for conducting bibliographic research within the scope of the Person Centered Approach (PCA). For this, we initially want to justify an epistemological choice of gadamerian hermeneutics in its relation to the research objective. Then, we present the conceptual network formed by the articulation of prejudice, language, tradition, update and fusion of horizons that supports this perspective, in a ways that allows, later, to systematize the phases of information investigation, comprehensive analysis and hermeneutic synthesis to the development of research on the proposed problem. The article ends with the observation of the potentiality and proficiency related to the approximation, and consequent articulation, between PCA and the Gadamerian philosophical perspective, with reflections on the implications regarding the use of a hermeneutic-philosophical method in the production of knowledge in the approach.

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo presentar el camino teórico-metodológico, construido por el primer autor en su disertación de maestría bajo la guía del segundo, basado en la filosofía hermenéutica de Hans-Georg Gadamer. Su relevancia se justifica porque es una alternativa estructurada para realizar investigaciones bibliográficas dentro del alcance del Enfoque Centrado en la Persona (ECP). Para eso, se busca inicialmente justificar la elección de la hermenéutica gadameriana en su relación con el objetivo de la investigación. En seguida, presenta-se la red conceptual formada por la articulación de las concepciones prejuicio, lenguaje, tradición, atualización, y fusión de horizontes que sostiene esa perspectiva de forma que permita, posteriormente, sistematizar las fases investigación de las informaciones, analisis comprensiva y síntesis hermenéutica para el desarrollo de la investigación sobre el problema propuesto.El artículo finaliza con la verificación de la potencialidad y rentabilidad relacionadas con la aproximación, y la articulación consiguiente, entre ECP y la perspectiva filosófica gadameriana, con reflexiones sobre las implicaciones con respecto al uso de un método hermenéutico-filosófico en la producción de conocimiento en el enfoque.

Carl rogers e emmanuel lévinas: caminhos éticos na Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa / Carl Rogers and Emmanuel Lévinas: ethical paths in the Person-Centered Approach / Carl Rogers y Emmanuel Lévinas: caminos éticos em el Enfoque Centrado em la Persona

O desenvolvimento da Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa foi dividido em fases que apresentam as atitudes que fazem parte da relação terapêutica, independente do público atendido. Contudo, na especificidade da psicoterapia infantil, o desenvolvimento teórico e prático da própria abordagem aponta para a existência de peculiaridades. Este estudo tem como objetivo apresentar, através de uma revisão narrativa de literatura, fundamentada na hermenêutica filosófica de Gadamer, as possíveis características relativas ao atendimento de crianças a partir de um retorno às fases da ACP. Discutimos os fundamentos iniciais do atendimento com crianças em Rogers ena perspectiva clássica de Axline, compreendendo como a ludoterapia com crianças se caracteriza nas fases não-diretiva, reflexiva, experiencial e pós-rogeriana. Discutimos sobre propostas contemporâneas nos contextos europeu, estadunidense e brasileiro. Concluímos que essa delimitação do atendimento infantil possibilita uma percepção mais clara das mudanças e aprimoramentos em relação aos trabalhos pioneiros de Rogers e Axline, sempre tendo como eixo a dimensão relacional e a tendência ao crescimento como motor do processo terapêutico.

The development of the Person-Centered Approach was divided into phases that presents the attitudes that are part of therapeutic relationship, regardless of the public served. However, in the specificity of child psychotherapy, the theoretical and practical development of the approach points to the existence of peculiarities. This study aims to present, through narrative literature review, based on Gadamer's philosophical hermeneutics, the possible characteristics related to the child therapy, starting from a return to the PCA phases. We discuss the foundations of child therapy in Rogers and Axline's classic perspective, understanding how child play therapy is characterized in non-directive, reflective, experiential and post-Rogerian phases. We discuss contemporary proposals in the European, American, and Brazilian contexts. We conclude that this delimitation enables a clearer perception of changes and improvements amongst to the Rogers and Axline's pioneering work, always having as its axis the relational dimension and the tendency to growth as a motor of the therapeutic process.

El desarrollo del Enfoque Centrado en la Persona se dividió en fases que presentan las actitudes de la relación terapéutica, independiente del público. Sin embargo, en la especificidad de la psicoterapia infantil, el desarrollo teórico y práctico del enfoque en sí mismo apunta la existencia de peculiaridades. Este estudio tiene como objetivo presentar, a través de una revisión narrativa de la literatura, basado em la hermenéutica filosófica de Gadamer, las posibles características de la psicoterapia con niños, desde el retorno a las fases de ECP. Discutimos los fundamentos de la psicoterapia con niños en Rogers, la perspectiva clásica de Axline, comprendiendo como la terapia de juego com los niños se caracterizan em las fases no directiva, reflexiva, experiencial y pos-rogeriana. Discutimos propuestas contemporáneas en los contextos europeo, estadounidense y brasileño. Concluimos que esta delimitación permite una percepción más clara de los cambios y mejoras en relación con los trabajos pioneros de Rogers y Axline, teniendo siempre como eje la dimensión relacional y la tendencia al crecimiento como motor del proceso terapéutico.

O poder transformador dos encontros: uma análise da animação Destino / The transformative power of Encounters: an analysis of the animation Destino / El poder transformador de los encuentros: un análisis de la animación Destino

Este texto surgiu dos seguintes questionamentos: quais são as precipitações decorrentes de um encontro verdadeiro? É possível relacionar-se verdadeiramente com outra pessoa e permanecer o mesmo? O que é preciso, segundo Rogers, para estar inteiro em uma relação amorosa? Objetivamos analisar o modo por meio do qual a pessoa se transforma ao eleger alguém como companheiro. Para tanto, o método se pautou na investigação teórica com enfoque em Carl Rogers para o estudo conceitual humanista e na análise fílmica a fim de realizar uma leitura psicológica acerca da animação Destino de Salvador Dalí e Walter Disney. A partir do exposto, desarticulamos a noção de que a relação amorosa é um destino imutável, ao perceber, através da abordagem humanista, que a relação amorosa, não só envolve a consciência de ser pessoa, mas principalmente, a abertura verdadeira à experiência de ser com outra pessoa, em uma relação Eu-Tu de autenticidade e empatia. Desse modo, os Encontros permitem a construção do próprio destino que se descortina como algo flexível e mutável.

This text arose from the following questions: what are the precipitations resulting from a real encounter? Is it possible to truly relate to another person and remain the same? What does it take, according to Rogers, to be whole in a loving relationship? We aim to analyze the way in which the person changes when choosing someone as a partner. Therefore, the method was based on theoretical research with a focus on Carl Rogers for the humanistic conceptual study and on film analysis in order to carry out a psychological reading about the animation Destino by Salvador Dalí and Walter Disney. From the above, we dismantle the notion that the love relationship is an immutable destiny, by realizing, through the humanistic approach, that the love relationship not only involves the awareness of being a person, but mainly, the true openness to the experience of being with someone else, in an I-You relationship of authenticity and empathy. In this way, the Meetings allow the construction of their own destiny that is revealed as something flexible and changeable.

Este texto surgió de las siguientes preguntas: ¿cuáles son las precipitaciones resultantes de un encuentro real? ¿Es posible relacionarse realmente con otra persona y permanecer igual? ¿Qué se necesita, según Rogers, para ser íntegro en una relación amorosa? Nuestro objetivo es analizar la forma en que la persona cambia al elegir a alguien como compañero. Por lo tanto, el método se basó en una investigación teórica centrada en Carl Rogers para el estudio conceptual humanista y en el análisis de películas para llevar a cabo una lectura psicológica sobre la animación Destino de Salvador Dalí y Walter Disney. De lo anterior, desmantelamos la noción de que la relación de amor es un destino inmutable, al darnos cuenta, a través del enfoque humanista, de que la relación de amor no solo implica la conciencia de ser una persona, sino principalmente, la verdadera apertura a la experiencia de estar con alguien más, en una relación Yo-Tú de autenticidad y empatía. De esta manera, las Reuniones permiten la construcción de su propio destino que se revela como algo flexible y cambiante.

Da ludoterapia não-diretiva à ludoterapia centrada na criança - desenvolvimento histórico / From non-directive play therapy to child-centered play therapy - historical development / De la terapia de juego no-directiva a terapia de juego centrada en el nino - desarollo histórico

O desenvolvimento da Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa foi dividido em fases que apresentam as atitudes que fazem parte da relação terapêutica, independente do público atendido. Contudo, na especificidade da psicoterapia infantil, o desenvolvimento teórico e prático da própria abordagem aponta para a existência de peculiaridades. Este estudo tem como objetivo apresentar, através de uma revisão narrativa de literatura, fundamentada na hermenêutica filosófica de Gadamer, as possíveis características relativas ao atendimento de crianças a partir de um retorno às fases da ACP. Discutimos os fundamentos iniciais do atendimento com crianças em Rogers ena perspectiva clássica de Axline, compreendendo como a ludoterapia com crianças se caracteriza nas fases não-diretiva, reflexiva, experiencial e pós-rogeriana. Discutimos sobre propostas contemporâneas nos contextos europeu, estadunidense e brasileiro. Concluímos que essa delimitação do atendimento infantil possibilita uma percepção mais clara das mudanças e aprimoramentos em relação aos trabalhos pioneiros de Rogers e Axline, sempre tendo como eixo a dimensão relacional e a tendência ao crescimento como motor do processo terapêutico.

The development of the Person-Centered Approach was divided into phases that presents the attitudes that are part of therapeutic relationship, regardless of the public served. However, in the specificity of child psychotherapy, the theoretical and practical development of the approach points to the existence of peculiarities. This study aims to present, through narrative literature review, based on Gadamer's philosophical hermeneutics, the possible characteristics related to the child therapy, starting from a return to the PCA phases. We discuss the foundations of child therapy in Rogers and Axline's classic perspective, understanding how child play therapy is characterized in non-directive, reflective, experiential and post-Rogerian phases. We discuss contemporary proposals in the European, American, and Brazilian contexts. We conclude that this delimitation enables a clearer perception of changes and improvements amongst to the Rogers and Axline's pioneering work, always having as its axis the relational dimension and the tendency to growth as a motor of the therapeutic process.

El desarrollo del Enfoque Centrado en la Persona se dividió en fases que presentan las actitudes de la relación terapéutica, independiente del público. Sin embargo, en la especificidad de la psicoterapia infantil, el desarrollo teórico y práctico del enfoque en sí mismo apunta la existencia de peculiaridades. Este estudio tiene como objetivo presentar, a través de una revisión narrativa de la literatura, basado em la hermenéutica filosófica de Gadamer, las posibles características de la psicoterapia con niños, desde el retorno a las fases de ECP. Discutimos los fundamentos de la psicoterapia con niños en Rogers, la perspectiva clásica de Axline, comprendiendo como la terapia de juego com los niños se caracterizan em las fases no directiva, reflexiva, experiencial y pos-rogeriana. Discutimos propuestas contemporáneas en los contextos europeo, estadounidense y brasileño. Concluimos que esta delimitación permite una percepción más clara de los cambios y mejoras en relación con los trabajos pioneros de Rogers y Axline, teniendo siempre como eje la dimensión relacional y la tendencia al crecimiento como motor del proceso terapéutico.

Revisión sistemática de la eficacia de la Terapia Centrada en la Compasión en trastornos de la conducta alimentaria / Systematic Review of the Efficacy of Compassion-Focused Therapy in Eating Disorders

Eating Disorders (ED) are disorders characterized by pathological behavior in eating and an obsession with weight control. These patients have high levels of shame, self-criticism and low self-compassion, so Compassion Focused Therapy (CFT) is proposed as a therapeutic alternative. This study aimed to conduct a systematic review on the efficacy of CFT-based interventions in treating people with an ED. To do this, the PRISMA guidelines were followed and the existing literature from 2010 to 2020 was analyzed through a search carried out in the Scopus, Sciencedirect, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and PsycINFO databases. The results suggest that CFT can generate positive changes in these patients, reducing the symptoms of the disorder, as well as levels of shame, self-criticism and increasing levels of self-compassion. The results of this study show that CFT can be effective in the treatment of eating disorders. However, it is still a developing field, made up of studies with methodological limitations, which requires more research to obtain more conclusive results (AU)

Person-centred experiential therapy versus cognitive behavioural therapy delivered in the English Improving Access to Psychological Therapies service for the treatment of moderate or severe depression (PRaCTICED): a pragmatic, randomised, non-inferiority trial.

BACKGROUND: The UK Government's implementation in 2008 of the Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) initiative in England has hugely increased the availability of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for the treatment of depression and anxiety in primary care. Counselling for depression-a form of person-centred experiential therapy (PCET)-has since been included as an IAPT-approved therapy, but there is no evidence of its efficacy from randomised controlled trials (RCTs), as required for recommendations by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Therefore, we aimed to examine whether PCET is cost effective and non-inferior to CBT in the treatment of moderate and severe depression within the IAPT service. METHODS: This pragmatic, randomised, non-inferiority trial was done in the Sheffield IAPT service in England and recruited participants aged 18 years or older with moderate or severe depression on the Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised. We excluded participants presenting with an organic condition, a previous diagnosis of personality disorder, bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia, drug or alcohol dependency, an elevated clinical risk of suicide, or a long-term physical condition. Eligible participants were randomly assigned (1:1), independently of the research team, and stratified by site with permuted block sizes of two, four, or six, to receive either PCET or CBT by use of a remote, web-based system that revealed therapy after patient details were entered. Those assessing outcomes were masked to treatment allocation. Participants were seen by appropriately trained PCET counsellors and CBT therapists in accordance with the IAPT service delivery model. Depression severity and symptomatology measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) at 6 months post-randomisation was the primary outcome, with the PHQ-9 score at 12 months post-randomisation being a key secondary outcome. These outcomes were analysed in the modified intention-to-treat population, which comprised all randomly assigned patients with complete data, and the per-protocol population, which comprised all participants who did not switch from their randomised treatment and received between four and 20 sessions. Safety was analysed in all randomly assigned patients. The non-inferiority margin was set a priori at 2 PHQ-9 points. Patient safety was monitored throughout the course of therapy, adhering to service risk procedures for monitoring serious adverse events. This trial is registered at the ISRCTN Registry, ISRCTN06461651, and is complete. FINDINGS: From Nov 11, 2014, to Aug 3, 2018, 9898 patients were referred to step three treatments in the Sheffield IAPT service for common mental health problems, of whom 761 (7·7%) were referred to the trial. Of these, we recruited and randomly assigned 510 participants to receive either PCET (n=254) or CBT (n=256). In the PCET group, 138 (54%) participants were female and 116 (46%) were male, and 225 (89%) were White, 16 (6%) were non-White, and 13 (5%) had missing ethnicity data. In the CBT group, 155 (61%) participants were female and 101 (39%) were male, and 226 (88%) were White, 17 (7%) were non-White, and 13 (5%) had missing ethnicity data. The 6-month modified intention-to-treat analysis comprised 401 (79%) of the enrolled participants (201 in the PCET group; 200 in the CBT group) and the 12-month modified intention-to-treat analysis comprised 319 participants (167 in the PCET group; 152 in the CBT group). The 6-month per-protocol analysis comprised 298 participants (154 in the PCET group; 144 in the CBT group). At 6 months post-randomisation, PCET was non-inferior to CBT in the intention-to-treat population (mean PHQ-9 score 12·74 [SD 6·54] in the PCET group and 13·25 [6·35] in the CBT group; adjusted mean difference -0·35 [95% CI -1·53 to 0·84]) and in the per-protocol population (12·73 [SD 6·57] in the PCET group and 12·71 [6·33] in the CBT group; 0·27 [95% CI -1·08 to 1·62]). At 12 months post-randomisation, there was a significant adjusted between-group difference in mean PHQ-9 score in favour of CBT (1·73 [95% CI 0·26-3·19]), with a 95% CI exceeding the 2-point non-inferiority margin. There were two deaths, one death by suicide in the PCET group and one due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the CBT group. Both were assessed by the responsible clinician to be unrelated to the trial. In terms of using emergency departments for depression-related events, four people (three in the PCET group; one in the CBT group) made more than a single use and six people (three in the PCET group; three in the CBT group) made a single use. One patient in the PCET group had inpatient treatment for a depression-related event. INTERPRETATION: This trial is the first to examine the two most frequently administered psychological therapies in the IAPT service. The finding of non-inferiority of PCET to CBT at 6 months supports the results from large, routine, non-randomised datasets from the IAPT programme. Given the high demand for psychological therapies and the need for patient choice, our findings suggest the need for continued investment in the training and delivery of PCET for improving short-term outcomes, but suggest that PCET might be inferior to CBT at 12 months. FUNDING: British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy Research Foundation.

Custody and child symptomatology in high conflict divorce: an analysis of latent profiles / Custodia y Sintomatología de los Hijos en Divorcios Altamente Conflictivos: Análisis de Perfiles Latentes

BACKGROUND: There is much controversy about the impact of joint physical custody on child symptomatology in the context of high interparental conflict. In this study we analyzed child symptomatology with person-centered methodology, identifying differential profiles, considering post-divorce custody, parental symptomatology, and coparenting variables. We examined the association between these profiles and child symptomatology, as well as the mediating role of parenting in that association. METHOD: The participants were 303 divorced or separated Spanish parents with high interparental conflict. We used the study of latent profiles and the INDIRECT procedure in Mplus. We also controlled for the variables age and number of children, new partners, frequency of the relationship with the ex-partner, time elapsed since the divorce, and gender of the parent. RESULTS: From the parents' perspective, the profile characterized by low parental symptomatology and high coparenting, regardless of the type of custody, was related to children exhibiting less somatic, anxious, and depressive symptomatology, and aggressive behavior. The mediating role of parenting was also identified. CONCLUSIONS: Parental symptomatology, coparenting, and parenting are essential for understanding post-divorce child symptomatology and the study highlights importance of person-centered multidimensional models

ANTECEDENTES: existe una gran controversia acerca del impacto de la custodia física compartida en la sintomatología infantil en contexto de alto conflicto interparental. El presente estudio analizó la sintomatología infantil a través de una metodología centrada en la persona, identificando perfiles diferenciales al considerar las variables custodia postdivorcio, sintomatología parental y coparentalidad. Se analizó la asociación entre estos perfiles y la sintomatología infantil, así como el papel mediador de la parentalidad. MÉTODO: participaron 303 progenitores españoles divorciados o separados con alto conflicto interparental. Se empleó el estudio de perfiles latentes y el procedimiento INDIRECT Mplus, controlando las variables edad, número de hijos/as, nuevas parejas estables, frecuencia de relación entre progenitores, tiempo transcurrido desde el divorcio y género del/a progenitor/a. RESULTADOS: desde la perspectiva de los progenitores, el perfil caracterizado por baja sintomatología parental y alta coparentalidad, independientemente del tipo de custodia, se relacionó con menor sintomatología somática y ansioso-depresiva de hijos/as, y con menor comportamiento agresivo. Se confirmó el papel mediador de la parentalidad. CONCLUSIONES: se identifica la sintomatología parental, la coparentalidad y la parentalidad como variables fundamentales para comprender la sintomatología infantil postdivorcio, así como la relevancia de emplear modelos multidimensionales centrados en la persona

Diálogo entre as terapias centrada no cliente e do esquema / Dialogue between the client-centered and schema therapies

Objetivamos introduzir um diálogo teórico e comparativo entre a terapia centrada no cliente, de Carl Rogers, e a terapia do esquema, de Jeffrey Young. Inicialmente, apresentamos o planejamento metodológico bibliográfico para realizar esse diálogo. Posteriormente, descrevemos seus principais conceitos e operacionalizações clínicas. Em seguida, estabelecemos aproximações e distanciamentos. Os pontos de interlocução encontrados foram: o uso/não uso do diagnóstico no tratamento da personalidade; atenção aos processos do terapeuta como influentes na dinâmica terapêutica; a questão da sustentação empática em termos de compreensão e confrontação; a diretividade e não diretividade na postura terapêutica; semelhança entre os conceitos de campo fenomenológico e esquema; as noções de self; os modos de autodefesa; a importância dos afetos e emoções nas intervenções clínicas; as formas de alcançar uma ressignificação terapêutica. Concluímos com a observação de que a terapia centrada no cliente deixou um legado que serviu de referência para algumas abordagens psicoterapêuticas cognitivas e comportamentais.

We aim to introduce a theoretical and comparative dialogue between Carl Rogers' client-centered therapy and Jeffrey Young's schema therapy. Initially, we present the bibliographic methodological planning to achieve this dialogue. Later, we describe its main concepts and clinical operations. Next, we establish approximations and distances. The interlocution points found were: the use/non-use of diagnosis in the personality treatment; attention to the therapist's processes as influential in dynamic therapeutic; the question of empathic support in terms of understanding and confrontation; the directivity and non-directivity in therapeutic posture; similarity among the phenomenological field and schema concepts; the notions of self; the self-defense modes; the importance of affections and emotions in clinical interventions; ways to achieve a therapeutic re-signification. We conclude with the observation that client-centered therapy left a legacy that served as a reference for some cognitive and behavioral psychotherapeutic approaches.

A psicologia humanista de Carl Rogers na educação médica: Espaços e desafios / Carl Rogers' humanistic psychology in medical education: Spaces and challenges

A problematização dos lugares, papéis e sentidos da Psicologia nos cursos de Medicina é necessária para que as unidades curriculares ligadas a esse campo de conhecimento aportem à formação dos graduandos o desenvolvimento de saberes, habilidades e competências necessários para a o exercício da prática médica humanizada. Este trabalho discute a adoção da Psicologia Humanista de Carl Rogers como fundamento teórico de disciplinas ou módulos ligados à Psicologia na formação médica. Apresenta as bases dessa vertente e relaciona-as à discussão das metodologias de ensino e da relação professor-aluno no ensino médico. Conclui que a teoria analisada pode constituir orientação para a prática docente e as escolhas curriculares e metodológicas da formação médica, apesar dos limites de sua aplicação de forma generalizada nos cursos de graduação. Indica as atividades voltadas para a capacidade dos estudantes de identificar, expressar e refletir sobre seus próprios sentimentos em relação a diferentes situações vivenciadas durante a graduação em Medicina são as mais coerentes com a proposta da psicologia humanista de Carl Rogers.

The problematization of places, roles and meanings of psychology in medical courses is necessary so that the curricular units linked to this field of knowledge contribute to the development of learnings, skills and competences necessary for humanized medical practice. This essay presents the theoretical foundations of Carl Rogers' Humanistic Psychology and advocates its use in the training of future doctors in educational practices consistent with the proposal of Person-Centered Therapy. It concludes that this theory may constitute guidance for theaching practice and curricular choices, despite the limits of general application in medical courses. The activities focused on the student's hability to identifie, express and reflect on their own feelings are the most consistent whit the theoretical foundations of Carl Rogers' Humanistic Psychology.

Psicoterapia Centrada en el Sentido: Una revisión acerca de estrategias psicoterapéuticas para el tratamiento del paciente con cáncer / Meaning centered psychotherapy: a review of psychotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of cancer patients

OBJETIVO: presentar las estrategias psicoterapéuticas utilizadas en el tratamiento de pacientes con cáncer, cuya finalidad sea trabajar el sentido de la vida. MÉTODO: Se realizó una revisión sistemática inscrita en el registro PROSPERO con el número CRD42019132385, siguiendo el método PRISMA, en las bases Lilacs, Medline, Scopus y Web of Science. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 11 artículos publicados entre 2014 y 2020. La Psicoterapia Centrada en el Sentido (PCS) es la estrategia psicoterapéutica más utilizada y efectiva para ayudar al paciente acerca de su sentido de la vida. DISCUSIÓN: Se desarrollaron tres categorías: 1. Encontrando el sentido de la vida por medio de la PCS; 2. Bienestar espiritual y psicológico de la PCS y 3. Terapias individuales, grupales y de pareja como estrategias eficaces de la PCS. CONCLUSIONES: Este estudio señala que la PCS, además de ser beneficioso para los pacientes, puede servir como una alternativa de trabajo para el psicólogo principalmente en regiones de habla portuguesa donde no se encontraron estudios

OBJECTIVE: to present the psychotherapeutic strategies used in the treatment of cancer patients, whose purpose is to work in the meaning of life. METHOD: A systematic review was performed in the PROSPERO with the number CRD42019132385 registry, following the PRISMA method, based on Lilacs, Medline, Scopus and Web of Science. RESULTS: 11 articles published between 2014 and 2020 were included. Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy (MCP) is the most used and effective psychotherapeutic strategy to help the patient about their meaning in life. DISCUSSION: Three categories have been developed: 1. Find the meaning of life through MCP; 2. Spiritual and psychological well-being of the MCP and 3. Individual, group and couple therapies as effective strategies for the MCP. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that MCP, in addition to being beneficial for patients, could serve as an alternative work for the psychologist, especially in regions of the Portuguese language where no studies were found

The psychometric properties of the person-centered therapeutic relationship in physiotherapy scale.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the psychometric properties of the Person-Centered Therapeutic Relationship in Physiotherapy Scale (PCTR-PT) in order to find the most appropriate fit for the tool. METHODS: Patients who had received treatment at the physiotherapy service of nine hospitals in Spain were invited to complete the 31 items of the PCTR-PT scale. To select the most appropriate items of the PCTR-PT, an exploratory factorial analysis (EFA) was performed using the maximum likelihood and oblique rotation (promin) methods. Factor validity, goodness-of-fit and psychometric properties were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Convergent (CFA) and discriminant validity were calculated. Internal consistency was verified using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to examine temporal stability. RESULTS: 366 patients over 18 years old who had received, at least, 15 physiotherapy treatment sessions completed the questionnaire. The results of the exploratory factor analysis revealed a tool with 15 items in four factors [Relational Bond (N items = 4); Individualized Partnership (N items = 4); Professional Empowerment (N items = 3) and Therapeutic Communication (N items = 4)], explaining 78.4% of the variance of the total variables of this tool. The confirmatory factor analysis further confirmed the four-structure model. Reliability of the tool was approved by Cronbach's alpha in all four dimensions, as all were above .70, ranging from .84 (Individualized Partnership) to .91 (Professional Empowerment). = 0.94. Test-retest was performed with two-week intervals, indicating an appropriate stability for the scale (ICC = 0.900). CONCLUSION: The Person-Centered Therapeutic Relationship in Physiotherapy Scale (PCTR-PT) is a useful, valid and applicable instrument to evaluate the person-centered therapeutic relationship during physiotherapy interventions. It would be interesting to investigate the predictive capacity (sensitivity and specificity) of the PCTR-PT scale.

Reliability and Validity of the Knowledge of Person-Centered Behavioral Approaches for BPSD Test.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to test the reliability and validity of the Knowledge of Person-Centered Behavioral Approaches for BPSD based on a Rasch analysis. METHODS: This study used baseline data from the Implementation of the Evidence Integration Triangle for Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (EIT-4-BPSD) clinical trial. RESULTS: A total 1,071 nurses completed the test. There was evidence of reliability (alpha coefficient of .99), construct validity with INFIT and OUTFIT statistics in the .6 to 1.4 range, and hypothesis testing with a significant correlation between the Knowledge of Person-Centered Behavioral Approaches for BPSD and positive care interactions. CONCLUSIONS: Future use of the measure should include more challenging items to differentiate those very high in knowledge of person-centered behavioral approaches for BPSD.